- Where scientists set out to prove a statement wrong.
- Communism; universalism; disinterestedness; organised scepticism – all are norms to which scientists must adhere when pursuing scientific knowledge.
- It cannot be overturned by evidence because the believers accept basic assumptions that cannot be challenged.
- Because scientists reacted to his new theory by immediate rejection, rather than testing it via scientific means.
- Ideological thought justifies the status quo; utopian thought justifies social change.
- Ways of thinking (of the oppressed) that are the product of ideology (of the ruling class).
- Because they would not be attached to any particular interest group and therefore could represent the interests of society as a whole.
- Ruling-class ideology and consciousness arising from exploitation and struggle.
